Adult comparing information cards alongside a simple color-memory task illustrating working memory.

Working Memory: Your Brain’s Mental Workspace

Keeping a few details in mind is part of everyday thinking. Discover how scientists measure this mental workspace and study its response to light.

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Understanding 810 nm Transcranial Photobiomodulation: Tissue Optics, Cellular Responses, and Research Limits

Understanding 810 nm Transcranial Photobiomodulation: Tissue Optics, Cellular Responses, and Research Limits

Near-infrared light is sometimes described as if it were a “charger” for the brain. Although memorable, that metaphor is scientifically imprecise. Light does not supply cellular energy directly, nor does exposure automatically produce a particular neurological or cognitive outcome. Photobiomodulation...

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Mitochondria, Cellular Energy & Near-Infrared Light

Mitochondria, Cellular Energy & Near-Infrared Light

Mitochondria are often described as the “energy factories” of cells. The comparison is useful, but mitochondrial biology is more complex than simply turning energy production up or down. One area of photobiomodulation (PBM) research explores how red and near-infrared light...

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Brain Energy, Blood Flow, and Near-Infrared Light

Brain Energy, Blood Flow, and Near-Infrared Light

Brain energy involves a working relationship between cells and blood vessels. New research is helping scientists explore how light interacts with that system.

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BDNF, Neuroplasticity & Near-Infrared Light

BDNF, Neuroplasticity & Near-Infrared Light

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, commonly known as BDNF, is one of the most widely studied proteins in neuroscience. It participates in the way neurons develop, communicate and adapt to activity. Researchers studying photobiomodulation (PBM) have examined whether certain red and near-infrared...

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Illustration showing 810nm near-infrared light decreasing in intensity as it passes through the scalp, skull, meninges, and CSF toward the superficial cortex.

The Light-Penetration Challenge in tPBM: What the Evidence Shows

For transcranial photobiomodulation, one of the most important scientific questions is also one of the most basic: How much light can travel through the scalp and skull, and where does that light go? The short answer is that some red...

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Neural Oscillations, 40 Hz, and Near-Infrared Light: A Research Overview

Neural Oscillations, 40 Hz, and Near-Infrared Light: A Research Overview

Neural oscillations are measurable patterns of electrical activity produced by groups of neurons. They are associated with processes such as sensory perception, attention, movement, learning, and sleep. However, these associations do not mean that a particular frequency functions as a...

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